The Myeloma Drug Tracker shows where drugs are in the clinical trial pathway as potential treatments for myeloma. Available drugs are ones which have already been licensed for use in myeloma.
Using the filters below, you can explore the drug types and trial stages. Clicking on a drug will provide additional information and you can download an Infosheet if there is one available.
Further information can be found on our website under Clinical Trials and Novel Drugs.
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12 Immunotherapy
5 Epigenetic Drug
3 Proteasome Inhibitor
4 Cell Signalling/Cycle
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Drugs in Phase I
I
Drugs in Phase II
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Drugs in Phase III
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Available Drugs
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Epigenetic Drug | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
CSS1477 is a type of drug known as a bromodomain inhibitor. It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I clinical trial in the UK.
How does it work?
CSS1477 works by blocking the cells ability to read and translate specific sections of DNA.
It is hoped this will stop myeloma cells from producing the proteins they depend on to keep growing and multiplying.Cell Signalling/Cycle | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
S65487 is a pro-survival inhibitor. It has been tested for the treatment for myeloma in a Phase I trial in the UK.
How does it work?
S65487 stops a protein called B-Cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) from working. BCL-2 has been shown to help myeloma cells survive and grow. It is found in higher amounts in myeloma cells than healthy cells. By stopping BCL-2 myeloma cells will die.
Other | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
Uprolselan is a E-selectin inhibitor. It is being tested in combination with standard treatment for the treatment of myeloma.
How does it work?
Uprolselan is thought to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy. It helps move myeloma cells from the bone marrow into the blood where they can be more easily killed by the chemotherapy. It does this by blocking a protein (E-selectin) which helps myeloma cells stick to bone marrow.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
CC-92480 is an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD). It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I clinical trial in the UK.
How does it work?
CC-92480 works by affecting the body’s immune system. It is thought to do this by stopping a protein called cereblon from working properly.
Cell Signalling/Cycle | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
AZD4573 is a pro-survival inhibitor. It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I clinical trial in the UK.
How does it work?
AZD4573 stops a a protein called cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) from working properly. CDK9 is part of the cell signalling system which controls cell growth and survival. This system is exploited by myeloma cells so they can keep growing and multiplying. It is hoped by stopping CDK9 from working the cell survival system will be disrupted and myeloma cells will die.
Epigenetic Drug | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
RO6870810 is a type of drug known as a bromodomain inhibitor. It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I clinical trial.
How does it work?
RO6870810 works by blocking the cells ability to read and translate specific sections of DNA. It is hoped this will stop myeloma cells from producing the proteins they depend on to keep growing and multiplying.
Epigenetic Drug | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
GSK525762 is a type of drug known as a bromodomain inhibitor. It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I clinical trial in the UK.
How does it work?
GSK525792 works by blocking the cells ability to read and translate specific sections of DNA. It is hoped this will stop myeloma cells from producing the proteins they depend on to keep growing and multiplying.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase II
What is it?
CC-220 is an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD). It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I/II clinical trial in the UK.
How does it work?
CC-220 works by affecting the body’s immune system. It is thought to do this by stopping a protein called cereblon from working properly.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase III
What is it?
BB2121 is a type of immunotherapy known as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T cell) therapy. BB2121 is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a number of clinical trials in the US.
How does it work?
CAR-T cells are a new type of treatment that uses the body’s own immune system to kill myeloma cells. CAR-T cells are made by taking T-cells (a type of immune cell) from the patient and modifying them to recognise myeloma cells more easily. BB2121 is modified to recognise a protein found on the surface of myeloma cells, BCMA (B cell maturation antigen). This means that BB2121 can identify and kill myeloma cells.
Cell Signalling/Cycle | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
Buparlisib is a pro-survival inhibitor. It has been tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I clinical trial in the UK.
How does it work?
Buparlisib stops a a protein called phosphatidlyinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) from working properly. PI3 kinase is part of the cell signalling system which controls cell growth and survival. This system is exploited by myeloma cells so they can keep growing and multiplying. It is hoped by stopping PI3 kinase from working the signalling system will be disrupted and myeloma cells will die.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase II
What is it?
GSK2857916 is a new type of immunotherapy called an antibody-drug conjugate. It is currently being tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a number of clinical trials including a Phase II trial in the UK.
How does it work?
GSK2857916 is a chemotherapy drug connected to an antibody. The antibody allows the drug to find and attach to a protein found on the surface of myeloma cells, BCMA (B cell maturation antigen). After GSK2857916 attaches to BCMA the chemotherapy drug separates from the antibody and kills the myeloma cell.
Other | Drugs in Phase I
What is it?
Reolysin® is an oncolytic virus. It is being tested in Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma.
How does it it work?
Reolysin infects and kills myeloma cells. It also increases the immune response against the myeloma cells, so their action against the myeloma cells is increased.
Immunotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD). It is approved for the treatment myeloma patients.
How does it work?
Thalidomide works by affecting the body’s immune system. It helps to kill myeloma cells in a number of different ways.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase II
What is it?
Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. It has been evaluated in a number of trials for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma patients.
How does it work?
The immune system should kill harmful cells. It uses a series to of checks to differentiate between healthy and harmful cells. Myeloma cells exploit this checkpoint system to stop the immune system killing them. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs which reduce the ability of myeloma cells to exploit the checkpoint system.
Immunotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD). It is approved for use, with restrictions, from first line.
How does it work?
Lenalidomide works by affecting the body’s immune system. It helps to kill myeloma cells in a number of different ways.
Other | Drugs in Phase III
What is it?
Selinexor is a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE). It is being tested in clinical trials as a monotherapy and in a number of combinations for the treatment of myeloma, including two trials in the UK.
How does it work?
Selinexor stops a protein called Exportin 1 (XPO1) from working properly. XPO1 is a protein responsible for moving other proteins between different parts of the cell. Myeloma cells exploit XPO1 to get rid of proteins, called tumour suppressor proteins, which would stop them growing and multiplying. By blocking XPO1, the tumour suppressor proteins build up killing myeloma cells.
Immunotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Pomalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD). It has been approved for myeloma patients as a 4th line treatment in combination with dexamethasone.
How does it work?
Pomalidomide works by affecting the body’s immune system. It helps to kill myeloma cells in a number of different ways.
Other | Drugs in Phase III
What is it?
Venetoclax is a pro-survival inhibitor. It has been tested for the treatment for myeloma in a number of clinical trials, including trials in the UK. It is thought to be most effective in myeloma patients with the t(11:14) genetic abnormality.
How does it work?
Venetoclax stops a protein called B-Cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) from working. BCL-2 has been shown to help myeloma cells survive and grow. It is found in higher amounts in myeloma cells than healthy cells. By stopping BCL-2 myeloma cells will die.
Other | Available Drugs
What is it?
Dexamethasone is a steroid drug. It is approved for the treatment myeloma patients.
How does it work?
Dexamethasone mimics the action of a naturally occurring hormone produced in the body. It is effective at killing myeloma cells and making other anti-myeloma drugs work better. It can also prevent inflammation which can help to reduce pain associated with myeloma bone disease.
Other | Available Drugs
What is it?
Prednisolone is a steroid drug. It is approved for the treatment myeloma patients.
How does it work?
Prednisolone mimics the action of a naturally occurring hormone produced in the body. It is effective at killing myeloma cells and making other anti-myeloma drugs work better. It can also prevent inflammation which can help to reduce pain associated with myeloma bone disease.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase II
What is it?
Nivolumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor. It is currently being evaluated in a number of clinical trials for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma patients.
How does it work?
The immune system should kill harmful cells. It uses a series to of checks to differentiate between healthy and harmful cells. Myeloma cells exploit this checkpoint system to stop the immune system killing them. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs which reduce the ability of myeloma cells to exploit the checkpoint system.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase III
What is it?
Isatuximab is a next generation monoclonal antibody. It is currently being evaluated in Phase III trials for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma patients.
How does it work?
It works by attaching to a protein found on the surface of myeloma cells, CD38. It has been shown to kill myeloma cells directly and to help the immune system to better target and kill myeloma cells.
Epigenetic Drug | Drugs in Phase II
What is it?
CHR3996 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. It was tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma in a Phase I/II trial (MUK three).
How does it work?
CHR3996 works by blocking the action of a protein, called histone deacetylase (HDAC), in myeloma cells. HDAC is needed for cell growth. By stopping HDAC myeloma cells stop growing and multiplying.
Other | Drugs in Phase II
What is it?
Tosedostat is an aminopeptidase inhibitor. It has been tested for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma.
How does it work?
Tosedostat works by blocking the action of aminopeptidases. Aminopeptidases are proteins which help cells get the building blocks (amino acids) they need to grow and multiply. By blocking aminopepitidases the myeloma cells cannot grow which leads to cell death.
Proteasome Inhibitor | Available Drugs
What is it?
Carfilzomib is a proteasome inhibitor. It is approved in combination with dexamethasone as a 2nd line treatment for myeloma patients.
How does it work?
It works by blocking the actions of proteasomes. Proteasomes are large molecules found in all cells of the body, and they are involved in the breakdown of damaged or unwanted proteins. Carfilzomib permanently blocks their function, stopping them from breaking down unwanted proteins. This causes proteins to build up to toxic levels, killing the cell. Myeloma cells rely more heavily on proteasomes than normal healthy cells; they are therefore much more sensitive to carfilzomib.
Proteasome Inhibitor | Available Drugs
What is it?
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor. It is approved for use for newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory myeloma patients.
How does it work?
It works by blocking the actions of proteasomes. Proteasomes are large molecules found in all cells of the body, and they are involved in the breakdown of damaged or unwanted proteins. Bortezomib temporarily blocks their function, stopping them from breaking down unwanted proteins. This causes proteins to build up to toxic levels, killing the cell. Myeloma cells rely more heavily on proteasomes than normal healthy cells; they are therefore much more sensitive to bortezomib.
Chemotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating chemotherapy drug. It is approved for the treatment of myeloma.
How does it work?
Cyclophosphamide works by damaging the DNA within myeloma cells. Damaging the DNA stops the myeloma cells multiplying and results in their death.
Chemotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Melphalan is an alkylating chemotherapy drug. It is approved for the treatment of myeloma.
How does it work?
Melphalan works by damaging the DNA within myeloma cells. Damaging the DNA stops the myeloma cells multiplying and results in their death.
Chemotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Etoposide is a chemotherapy drug. It is sometimes used to treat relapsed/refractory myeloma in a combination called DT-PACE.
How does it work?
Etoposide stops a protein called topoisomerase-2 from working properly. This slows or stops the growth of myeloma cells.
Chemotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug. It is sometimes used to treat relapsed/refractory myeloma in a combination called DT-PACE.
How does it work?
Cisplatin works by damaging the DNA within myeloma cells. Damaging the DNA stops the myeloma cells multiplying and results in their death.
Epigenetic Drug | Available Drugs
What is it?
Panobinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. It is approved for use, with restrictions, from 3rd line.
How does it work?
Panobinostat works by blocking the action of a protein called histone deacetylase (HDAC) in myeloma cells. HDAC is needed for cell growth. By stopping HDAC, myeloma cells stop growing and multiplying.
Chemotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy drug. It is sometimes used to treat relapsed/refractory myeloma in a combination called DT-PACE.
How does it work?
Doxorubicin stops a protein called topoisomerase-2 from working properly. This slows or stops the growth of myeloma cells.
Chemotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Bendamustine is an alkylating chemotherapy drug. It is sometimes used for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma.
How does it work?
Bendamustine works by damaging the DNA within myeloma cells. Damaging the DNA stops the myeloma cells multiplying and results in their death.
Immunotherapy | Drugs in Phase III
What is it?
Elotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody. It has been approved for use in the US and Europe in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone but it is not currently available through the NHS in the UK.
How does it work?
It works by attaching to a protein found on the surface of myeloma cells, SLAM-7. Elotuzumab attaches to SLAM-7 making the myeloma cell more visible to the immune system. This allows the immune system to target and kill the myeloma cell.
Immunotherapy | Available Drugs
What is it?
Daratumumab is a monoclonal antibody. Daratumumab has been approved for myeloma patients in England, Scotland and Wales as a 4th line treatment. It is also approved in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for myeloma patients in England as a 2nd line treatment.
How does it work?
It works by attaching to a protein found on the surface of myeloma cells, CD38. Daratumumab attaches to CD38 making the myeloma cell more visible to the immune system. This allows the immune system to target and kill the myeloma cell.
Proteasome Inhibitor | Available Drugs
What is it?
Ixazomib is an oral proteasome inhibitor. It is approved in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone as a 2nd or 3rd line treatment for myeloma patients.
How does it work?
It works by blocking the actions of proteasomes. Proteasomes are large molecules found in all cells of the body, and they are involved in the breakdown of damaged or unwanted proteins. Ixazomib temporarily blocks their function, stopping them from breaking down unwanted proteins. This causes proteins to build up to toxic levels, killing the cell. Myeloma cells rely more heavily on proteasomes than normal healthy cells; they are therefore much more sensitive to ixazomib.
Other | Drugs in Phase III
What is it?
Melflufen is a derivative of melphalan, in which melphalan is bound to a peptide (small protein). Melflufen is being investigated for the treatment of relapsed/refractory myeloma patients in a Phase III trial in the UK.
How does it work?
Melflufen targets myeloma cells using peptidases (enzymes which breakdown peptides) which are often found at higher concentrations in myeloma cells. The peptidases in the myeloma cells break up melflufen releasing active melphalan. The melphalan can then kill the myeloma cell.
